Showing posts with label translation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label translation. Show all posts

Thursday, March 8, 2012

For the one of the wolf-wrist

So, follow-through prevails, (if slightly delayed)!

I would like you to go back in time to May of 2010 for an event entitled Castle Fever.  Many a good thing happened at that event, but I would like to focus on an award project that was unveiled at that time.  I had been approached by my household sister Katerinka Lvovicha in producing a "scroll" for Ingus Moen, my teacher, for he was being inducted into the Order of Týr, which is one of the top service awards in Northshield.  The original thought was to reproduce the Sigtuna box of the early 11th century, fitting because Ingus' wife Katja is a merchant.  However, there was a lack of material, so the ultimate inspiration for the project was the Ladoga Pendant, dated to the second half of the 10th century.  If you follow the link, scroll down to the Old Ladoga II inscription.

Because of the poetry on the Sigtuna box, I created a commemoration poem in the dróttkvætt poetry form, in Old Norse rather than English, and then transliterated it into runes.  And being the stickler I am, I did it in younger futhark rather than the often used but temporally incorrect elder futhark, specifically the Norwegian short twig form.  Both Ingus and my persona are Norwegian, though his is of a later period than mine.  At the time I wasn't sure his time period, so I went with mine, hence the short twig form.  Katerinka then etched the inscription into the metal of our scroll.  In addition to the pendant, Katerinka also created a traditional scroll that included the Old Norse text in Roman letters, as well as the English translation.


Sigríðr, Tómas sögðu
skjöld'gar góðar þjóðar:

Herstillis í halli
háværr skald kemr ærligr
(Hvárki Áss várr Úlfliðs
ágætingr ne Ingus)
á átti dag skerplu,
eptir ang ýs strangan
frá inum eyju fjöllum;
(flýðu lýðs nauðsynjar.)
Sigrid, Tom said,
the good rulers of people [lit. the good shields of the people]:

To the troop-controller's [=king's] hall
the noisy and honest skald comes.
(Neither our God of the Wolf-joint [=Týr]
nor the goodlyman Ingus)
on the eighth day of Skerpla,
after the yew's strong sorrow [came] [=fire]
from the island's mountains [=castle, =Eyjafjalla volcano];
(fled the people's needs.)

Which means:
The noisy and honest skald comes into the Hall of Tom, King of Northshield, and Sigrid, his Queen. Týr did not flee form the needs of the Gods, and so neither has Ingus fled from the needs of the people. Thus we induct him into the Order of the Týr, done this day on the Eighth day of Skerpla, when the Fire came to the Castle [=Castle Fever], after the volcano in Iceland erupted.



Since scroll text has to hit several items, my poem ended up longer than that on the Sigtuna box.  So to help condense it for carving, I employed a period practice of merging several of the runes together.  Also, in my research, I came across an semantically unknown rune, that is the triple-týr rune.  As the name suggests, it´s the týr-rune that has three iterations on one stem.  It seemed appropriate to steal it for the Order of Týr.  Katerinka took it one step further, and doubled it again, producing this nice symbol on one side, as seen to the right.

It ended up being a very cool "scroll," and I'm very proud that I was a part of creating it.  And also at this event, I was witness to the aftermath of a certain battle that helped inspire a memorative poem.  But I shall leave that to another post.

Monday, March 1, 2010

The eye-cliffs, well sculpted, in wonder raise: word-smiths would know well this woman

Quite awhile ago now, I teamed up once again with Ingus to create something cool in Norse.  He was working on an Award of Arms scroll for Katerinka Lvovicha, a dual resident of the East Kingdom (totem is the tiger) and Northshield (totem is the griffin), and asked that I translate his words into Old Norse.  As an added bonus, I decided to then arrange the words into the Málaháttr style of poetry.

Here were the words of Ingus I was given:

Lion-born, Tiger's child 
walks the Western plains.
Word smith, song maiden
Call we now you to us.

Vigilant, Valiant
First to rise to help’s call
Ring giver, Road Traveller
Serves her king most gladly

Katerinka Lvovicha
Hear this now and know well
Two Kings see, Two Kings smile
Griffin and Tiger share this joy.



 And here is the Old Norse:And the literal translation:


Ljóni borin þú
ert tígrisdýrs barn --
Orðsmiðr, söngmeyja --
gekkt á Vestvöllinu.
Vit kallið þik nú.

Gætin ok úgæf,
Þú ert fyrst --
örlátr ferðamaðr --
at standa undir
herann holliga.

Katrín Ljovizta,
herðu ok kannðu:
tveir konnungar sjá
ok tveir brosa þeir:
Tígrisdýr miðla,
ok it Gríffin,
gleðina öllu.
to (the) lion born, you
are tiger's child --
wordsmith, song-maiden --
(you) walk upon the western fields.
We(dual) call you now.

Heedful and not-meek,
you are first --
generous traveler --
to be subject to the lord faithfully.

Katerinka Lvovicha,
hear and know:
two kings see and they two smile:
Tiger shares, and the Griffin,
all the joy.


Lvov is Russian for 'lion' -- hence why she is lion-born.


Translation finished April 2009.
Award presented July 4, 2009 at Northern Region War Camp.

Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Listen Lífsteinn, Ymir's bones bear not only one way of naming -- even Óðinn has not one.

I'm in the process of composing an entry on SCA Kingdom names translated into Old Norse, and I thought it might be handy to have a list of the period place names I may be referencing later, including new place names I've found.  The places are in alphabetical order, and I've included the references to the country's populace and languages of those places when I've found them.  Sometimes the populace- and language-vocabulary are repeated under multiple names for the same place, but are not necessarily derived from the same root etymology.

Austr(h)álfa [u] f. (Baltic, East Europe)
  • austrhálfulýðr "people of the East"
Austrlönd n. pl. (the East, =Eastern Europe)
  • austanmaðr m. "eastern man"
  • austkylfir m.pl. "easterlings"
  • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes.
Austrríki n. (Eastern Europe, esp. Russia, Austria)
  • austanmaðr m. "eastern man"
  • austkylfir m.pl. "easterlings"
  • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes.
Austrvegr m. (esp. Russia, Wenden, the east Baltic)
  • austanmaðr m. "eastern man"
  • austkylfir m.pl. "easterlings"
Bretland n. (Wales)
  • inn breski (byname) "the Welshman"
  • Valir m. pl. "the Welsh"
  • Brezkr adj. "Welsh"
Danmörk f. (Denmark)
  • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes.
  • Danir m. pl. "Danes"
  • danskr adj. "Danish"
  • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue" -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue 
Danaveldi n. (the empire of the Danes)
  • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes. 
  • Danir m. pl. "Danes"
  • danskr adj. "Danish"
  • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue" -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
England n. (England)
  • Englar "the English people"
  • Enskr adj. "English"
  • Enzka "English-tongue"
    Frakkland n. (the land of the Franks)
    • Frakkar m.pl. 'the Franks'
    (mod.?) Franz f. (France)
    • Frankismenn "the French" 
    • Frankismál "the Frankish tongue" 
    • (mod.?) Franziska "the French tongue"
    Frísland n. (Frisia) 
    • Frísir m. pl. "the Frisians" 
    • Frískr adj. "Frisian"
    Færeyjar f. pl. (the Faroe Islands, lit. "Sheep Islands") 
    • Færeyingar m. pl. "people of the Faroe Islands" 
    • Færeyskr adj. "Faroese"
    Garðar m./Garðarríki n./Garðaveldi n. (Scand-Rus Kingdom) 
    • Garðarríksmenn m. pl. "the Rus, Russians"
    (mod.?) Grikkland n.
    • Garðskonungr "the Greek Emperor"
    Hjaltland n. (Shetlands)
    • Hjaltlendingr m. "a Shetlander" 
    • Hjaltlenzkr/Haltneskr adj. "Shetlandish"
    Írland n. (Ireland)
    • Írar m. pl. "Irishmen" 
    • Írskr adj. "Irish" 
    • Írska "Irish tongue"
    Ísland n. (Iceland)
    • Íslendingar m. "Icelanders"
    • Norræna "Norse tongue" -- first used in 13th and 14th century Iceland instead of Dönsk tunga for the Norwegian and Icelandic language
    • Íslenzkt mál "Icelandic tongue" -- first used in the 15th century, and the phrase used in Bible translations
    Langbarðaland n. (Lombardy)
    • Langbarðar m.pl. "the Lombards"  
    Miðjarðarhaf n. (The Mediterranean Sea)
              --> Miðjörð f. 'The Mediterranean' [I'm backforming here]

    Mikligarðr m. (Byzantium/Constantinople)

    Mön f. [gen. Manar] (Isle of Man)
    • Manarmenn m. pl. "Manxmen"
    Norðmanndi n. 'Normandy'
    • Norðmanndingar m. "people of Normandy"
    Norðr(h)álfa f. (Northern Europe)

    Norðrlönd n. pl. (Scandinavia)
    • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes. 
    • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
    • Norræna "Norse tongue" -- first used in 13th and 14th century Iceland instead of Dönsk tunga for the Norwegian and Icelandic language
    Noregr n. (Norway)
    • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes.
    • Noregsmenn m. pl. "men of Norway"
    • Norðmaðr m. "North-man, Norwegian" 
    • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue" -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
    • Norræna "Norse tongue" -- first used in 13th and 14th century Iceland instead of Dönsk tunga for the Norwegian and Icelandic language
    Norðymbraland n. (Northumbria)
    • Norðymbrar m. pl. "Northumbrians"
    Orkneyjar f. pl. (the Orkeys)
    • Orkneyingar m. pl. "the people of the Orkneys" 
    • Orkneyskr adj.
    Róm n./Róma f./Rómaborg f./Rúmaborg f. (Rome -- the city)

    Rómaborgar ríki n. "the Roman Empire"
    • Rómaborgar lýðr m. (pl. lýðir) "the Roman people"
    Saxland n. (Germany)
    • Saxar m. pl. "Saxons, Germans"
    • Saxlenskr adj. "Saxon"
    • Saxneskr adj. "Saxon"
    Serkland (Arabia)
    • Serkir m. pl. "Saracens" (Northern Africa, Southern Spain)
    Skotland (Scotland, sometimes Ireland)
    • Skotar m. pl. "the Scots" 
    • Skotzkr adj. "Scottish"
    Suðreyjar (Sodor, the Hebridges)
    • Suðreyingar m. 'people of the Hebridges'
    • Suðreyskr adj.
    • under suðr "south" it is noted that an older form of the word is sunnr (ex. sunnr gunnar, sunnr runna) and is used in poems. Sunnr is also listed as an adv. meaning 'south' and is seen in several place names
    Suðr(h)álfa f. [u] ("the southern region")
    • under suðr "south" it is noted that an older form of the word is sunnr (ex. sunnr gunnar, sunnr runna) and is used in poems. Sunnr is also listed as an adv. meaning 'south' and is seen in several place names
    Suðrlönd (Saxony, South Germany)
    • suðrmaðr m. "a Southerner", esp. of Saxon, German 
    • under suðr "south" it is noted that an older form of the word is sunnr (ex. sunnr gunnar, sunnr runna) and is used in poems. Sunnr is also listed as an adv. meaning 'south' and is seen in several place names
    Suðrríki n. (esp. Central and Southern Europe)
    • under suðr "south" it is noted that an older form of the word is sunnr (ex. sunnr gunnar, sunnr runna) and is used by older poets. Sunnr is also listed as an adv. meaning 'south' and is seen in several place names
    Svíaríki (Sweden)
    • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes. 
    • Svíar n. pl. "the Swedes", originally limited to the Northern Swedes.
    • Dönsk tunga 'the Danish tongue' -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
    Svíaveldi (Swedish-kingdom)
    • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes. 
    • Svíar n. pl. "the Swedes", originally limited to the Northern Swedes.
    • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue" -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
    Svíþjóð (Sweden)
    • austmaðr m. "eastman" -- a term used in Iceland and Northern England to refer to those who came from the Scandinavian continent, especially merchants. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is easterling. In Norway, this term referred to Swedes. 
    • Svíar n. pl. "the Swedes", originally limited to the Northern Swedes
    • Dönsk tunga "the Danish tongue" -- the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue
    Vestrlönd (British Isles, Normandy, Bretagne, etc.)
    • vestanmaðr m. 'western-man'
    • Vestmaðr m. 'man from British Isles, esp. Irish'

    Listen Lífsteinn, Ymir's bones bear not only one way of naming -- even Óðinn has not one.
    • 'Ymir's bones' are mountains -- in the case representing the land (as I have excluded names for seaways, oceans etc. from this list)

    Monday, September 28, 2009

    Yet the sweet mead of Suttung may mold the mind-speaker in many ways sly and slippery

    Language is a fluid thing and thus can be very tricky when translating from one to another. A concept might be translatable into the target language in several different ways, or not at all. And often times, the words available might have shades of meaning that are not available in the other. Thus, it is my philosophy that when translating a piece for someone else (henceforth, the client), I will keep them involved in as much of the decision making as possible. It allows for the meaning that they want to come through, and thus hopefully leads to a more satisfactory end translation for the client. And to help the client in making that decision, I will research all the different possible translations that I can find into the target language and then explain the choices, including etymology (if I can find it). I like to include the etymology because it can sometimes help show the shade of meaning that cannot otherwise be clearly expressed. A pleasant byproduct is that sharing this information helps teach the client about a new topic, a topic I myself find fascinating. And often, it teaches me more about the language and introduces me to some new vocabulary.


    Below, is a project I was honored to be a part of -- a friend of mine was being elevated to the Order of the Laurel, which is one of the highest awards one can be given in the Society. It is given to people who excel in the Arts and Sciences, in this particular case for Bardic Arts, and who have given a great deal of time, energy, and skill to the Society. After being elevated, they are considered a Master. As a skáld, my friend Ingus has a marvelous gift for words, and so provided me with what he wanted to say in his oath to the royalty of our kingdom, to be translated into Old Norse:


    Hail, Hrodir King, Storm Rider, Wind Master
    You have called me and I have come
    .
    Hail, Giulia Queen, Truth Seer, Land Keeper

    Hear me as I mark this verse.


    Wordcraft is my vessel and I am her Captain.

    Stories are my canvas and Songs are my keel.

    So, too, are these words my anchor and moorings.

    To this land, my home, and to its Sovereigns

    Do I swear fealty.

    All my talents and efforts are yours to command.

    My eyes shall not see but to look for the best in all things.

    My back shall not bend but to support Northshield, her people, and her Leaders.

    My heart shall not wander but to seek justice and nurture kindness.

    My hands shall not be idle but to hold fast any trust or secret or to guide those who seek my aid.

    You have marked this course, and evermore shall I sail it.
    So say I….

    My task then was to as accurately and grammatically translate his words into the target language (Old Norse) as I could, and in enough time so as he would be able to memorize his oath to speak to the then king and queen. I kept in contact with him as I set about translating, and I had many revisions as I checked and double checked the grammar, vocabulary, and semantics of the words we were choosing. Below is the end result:


    Heill Hroðir Konungr, Stormsriddari, Vindsdróttinn
    Þú kallaðir mik ok ek kem.

    Heil Giulia Drottning, Sannleiksvörðr, Landsgæzlumaðr

    Heyrðu mik þá er ek segi upp þetta ljóð.


    Orðfimi er mitt skip ok ek em þess stýrimaðr.

    Mál eru mín segl ok söngvar eru minn kjölr.

    Ok þessi mín orð eru bæði mitt akkeri ok mínar landfestar.

    Fyrir þessu landi, mínu heima, ok fyrir þessum Höfðingum

    Ek vinn hollustu-eið.

    Öllum mínum gáfum ok öllum mínum iðjum þit stjórnið.

    Mín auga skulu sjá ekki, en skulu leita eftir því besta í öllu.

    Mitt bak skal vera boginn ekki, en skal bera Norðsætr, þess fólk, ok þess Leiðar.

    Mitt hjarta skal ráfa ekki, en skal leita réttvísi ok fóstrar gæzka.

    Mínar handar skulu sitja um kyrt ekki, en skulu halda trúnaði eða skulu leiðbeina einhver er leitandi minnar hjálpar.

    Þit vildið þessa leið, ok ek ætla at sigla hana.

    Svo segi ek…


    I rely heavily in all my translations on the Cleasby-Vigfusson An Icelandic-English Dictionary, which can be found online. I also use E.V. Gordon's An Introduction to Old Norse and Alan Bower's A synopsis of Old Icelandic morphology. In addition I use my Íslenk-Ensk Órðabók and an online English to Icelandic to English Dictionary. The latter I use because I don't always know the appropriate word in Icelandic -- and it's hard to find such a word without a dictionary that I can input the English word -- and because Icelandic is very similar to Old Norse. I then always check the Gordon and the Cleasby to make sure the word I found in Icelandic was around in Old Norse and had the same meaning. Now, neither the Gordon or the Cleasby is infallible, but they are currently my best resources. Another trick I've found most helpful when I need to find a very particular word in Icelandic (for instance, the Icelandic translation of the Atlantic Ocean) is to look up the Wikipedia article on that word, and then switch languages to Icelandic.


    Ingus spoke this oath using the reconstructed (and thus hypothetical) pronunciation of Old Norse rather than the Modern Icelandic. I thought it would be 1. more appropriate since we are trying to recreate something closer to the Viking Age (hence the use of Old Norse spelling and grammar rather than Modern Icelandic) and 2. simpler in some ways (no pre-aspiration to explain and teach to produce, for instance).


    Below are some of the details on the translation (referencing gender, number, declination, tense, and conjugation -- which I'm sure is only helpful to a select few) and some commentary on specific vocabulary choices.

    The abbreviations are:
    • m. 'masculine'
    • f. 'feminine'
    • n. 'neuter'
    • sing. 'singular'
    • pl. 'plural'
    • 1p. '1st person'
    • 2p. '2nd person'
    • 2p.d. '2nd person dual'
    • 3p. '3rd person'
    • c. 'conjunctive'
    • p. 'preposition'
    • nom. 'nominative'
    • acc. 'accusative'
    • dat. 'dative'
    • gen. 'genitive'
    • inf. 'infinitive'
    • prt. 'present tense'
    • pst. 'past tense'

    Heill
    Hroðir
    Konungr,
    Stormsriddari,
    hail
    Hróðir
    King
    storm-rider/knight,
    (m.sng.)
    (m.sng.nom.)
    (m.sng.nom.)
    (m.sng.gen.)-(m.sng.nom.)
    Vinds-
    dróttinn


    wind-
    lord


    (m.sng.gen.)-
    (m.sng.nom.)




    Riddari means 'rider' and was especially used for the equivalence of 'knights'. I thought this was particularly appropriate as Hrodir is a knight. According to Cleasby, the term itself did not enter into Old Norse until the 13th century.

    Dróttinn means 'lord, master', and was specifically the leader of a drótt 'household, people', and was probably at one time the masculine cognate of dróttning 'queen', but dróttning some time in the past was paired with konungr 'king'.


    Heil
    Giulia
    Drottning,
    Sannleiksvörðr,
    hail
    Guilia
    Queen
    truth-warden
    (f.sng.)
    (f.sng.nom.)
    (f.sng.nom.)
    (m.sng.gen.)-(m.sng.nom.)
    Lands-
    gæzlumaðr


    land-
    guardian


    (n.sng.gen.)-
    (m.sng.nom.)




    Giulia is of course the spelling of the queen's name in her persona's language, Italian, and Ingus pronounced it the common way her name is pronounced in the Society. However, this is not the way a Norse speaking person would have pronounced the name, of course, and I did do a transliteration of her name in how I thought a Norse speaking person would have pronounced it: Júlía. Transliterated (and possibly translated when the foreign word has a native cognate) foreign names are commonly seen in Old Norse. Aðalráðr for Anglo-Saxon Æðelreð, Tristram for Old French Tristran.


    ...en
    skal
    bera
    Norðsætr,
    ...but
    shall
    bear
    Northshield
    (c.)
    (prt.1p.)
    (inf.)
    (n.acc.)
    þess
    fólk,
    ok
    þess
    its
    folk
    and
    its
    (3p.sng.n.acc.)
    (n.sng.acc.)
    (c.)
    (3p.pl.m.acc.)
    Leiðar.



    leaders



    (m.pl.acc.)





    Norð-sætr literally means 'north-shieling'. A shieling is a small hut up in a mountain pasture that a herder uses as a base when he's retrieving his flock from the mountains. I used this as my translation of Northshield, my home kingdom, because I had heard that the -shield suffix actually was a form of -shieling. It was several weeks after the fact that I got the full story on the history of the name Northshield from a first-hand witness to the naming.

    When the area that would become Northshield was being named, one of the least disliked suggestions was North-shield, named for the Preambrain or Canadian Shield -- a geologic feature that runs through the area. It was some clever herald a bit later who found a precedent in an England town that used -shields (South Shields) as a contraction of -shielings. Well, using back-formation, if there is a plural -shields 'shielings', there could, therefore, be a singular -shield 'shieling'. But it was not this example that originally inspired the name of the kingdom.

    There is also a kingdom bardic tradition that I should have guessed at from my own readings, but didn't know at the time I was working on this project: the use of some Beowulf terminology. In the Anglo-Saxon (henceforth AS) poem there is the term Scyldingas, literally 'shield-ings' or 'shield-ers' (shield as in 'sword and shield' not 'to shield (e.g. 'to protect') the weak'), that is used to reference the Danes. I was familiar with this term because it was talked about in Snorri Sturlusons Prose Edda, the Old Norse version being Skjöldungar (sng. Skjöldungr). The Danes were called this because of their mythic founder Skjöldr (AS Scyld Scelding) 'shield'. The bards of Northshield have therefore applied this term for the Danes to the residents of Northshield.

    Between these two traditions (the inspiration for the original naming and the bardic tradition), I have been convinced that the Old Norse rendering of the name Northshield should be Norðskjöldr, not Norðsætr, and its people referred to as Skjöldungar. I have yet to find that Old Norse had a specific word for the geological shield (The Canadian Shield). The English, I would assume, just borrowed the common word shield since the geologic feature looks vaguely shield-shaped (but etymology is a slippery beast and can surprise you -- and I admit I have not done the research on it). An interesting note is that the Wikipedia article, while it does not have an Icelandic version of the page, does have a Norwegian version, in which the Canadian Shield is translated to Det kanadiske *skjold* (emphasis mine).


    Þit
    vildið
    þessa
    leið,
    ok
    ek
    you
    willed
    this
    course
    and
    I
    (2p.d.)
    (pst.2p.d.)
    (3p.sng.f.acc.)
    (f.sng.acc.)
    (c.)
    (1p.sng.nom.)
    ætla
    at

    sigla

    hana.

    intend
    to
    sail
    her
    (prt.1p.)
    (p.)
    (inf.)
    (3p.sng.f.acc.)


    Here the dual 'you' þit is used to indicate that both and only the king and queen have willed the course. Indeed, after the initial address to the king and queen, whenever both are referred to ('you' in the translation), the dual form of the pronoun is used.

    Also note that leið, being a feminine noun, takes the feminine pronoun hana when referencing back. Gender agreement between pronouns and their nouns is of course necessary in Old Norse. But this gender agreement can form some unusual sentences when the right combination (say the noun gender and the person's actual sex come into conflict). For example:




    The official, literal translation (the English translated to Norse translated back into English) is as follows:


    Hail Hrodir King, Storm-rider/knight, Wind-lord
    You called me and I come.
    Hail Giulia Queen, Truth-warden, Land-guardian.
    Hear me when I declare this verse.

    Word-skill is my ship and I am its captain.
    Stories are my sail and songs are my keel.
    And these, my words, are both my anchor and my moorings.
    Before this land, my home, and before these Rulers
    I swear (lit. work) a faithful oath.
    All my gifts and all my doings you (two) command.
    My eyes shall see not, but shall look for the best in all things.
    My back shall be bent not, but shall bear Northshield, its folk, and its Leaders.
    My heart shall wander not, but shall seek justice and foster kindness.
    My hands shall sit at rest not, but shall hold trust or shall guide anyone who seeks my help.
    You (two) will this course, and I intend to sail her.
    So say I...


    Project begun in mid-July 2007.
    Translation finished August 2nd, 2007.
    Oath spoken September 8th, 2007.